William Mabson Gabriel
Edinburgh Harriers

William Gabriel had a short but impressive athletic career. Born in what is now Cumbria, he was a medical student at the University of Edinburgh in the very early 1880s. He ran for both Edinburgh University (his first choice on track) and Edinburgh Harriers and in addition to setting a Scottish record for 3 miles, he was also a ‘counter’ in both the Edinburgh Harriers Teams of 1886 and 1887 that won the Scottish Cross-Country Championships narrowly missing out on an individual medal by placing 4th in both races. He served as both Captain of the Club and as Club President.
William was born in Cumbria to Edward and Mary Gabriel in early January 1861 (birth registered in January). His father, originally from Bristol, was a ‘Perpetual Curate of the Church of England’ at St George’s Church, Kendal although living at Rockcliffe near Carlisle. There is some indication that his mother may have had a sight impairment from the census of 1881. He had a sister Fanny aged 3 in 1861 and a brother Ernest aged 2 in the same census year, while William is listed as 4 months (thus very early January 1861 as a birth month). They employed one nurse and two servants. Later in the 1881 census there is no longer a record of Ernest but there is a sister Ruth aged 17 in 1881 and William is listed as a Medical Student aged 20. This is in line with other records where he is listed as a doctor. There is, as yet, no record of when he matriculated at the University of Edinburgh, but the indication is that it is likely that he was in and around Edinburgh 1880 and 1881. There has been no research as yet within the university archives as to when he enrolled and when he graduated but there are records of him competing until 1887. There are no records of where he went to school. The first of his athletics experiences are recorded in 1881 aged 21 running in the One mile flat handicap and winning at the Ulster Cricket Club Athletic Sports. He also ran in the 2 miles against the legendary Snook. This would indicate some experience of athletics while still at school and also indicate a life style that allowed him to travel for meetings. 1881 would probably have been at the end of his first year as an undergraduate. His athletic career is summarised at the end of this piece. He appeared to return home at the end of July each year and played cricket.
WMG had his most productive period athletically from 1885 to 1887 as a founding member of Edinburgh Harriers in 1885, 1st captain of the club and running as part of the winning EH team at the first Scottish Cross-Country Championships in 1886. During the next cross-country season, he was again a counting member of the winning team at the second cross-country championships in 1887 and also set a Scottish 3 mile record on the track in May, 1887 at the Edinburgh Harriers Sports. He was President of the club in 1886-1887 and remained on the committee for season 1887-1888 despite not appearing to take any further practical interest in the club.
His only and perhaps peculiar contribution politically (apart from his presence on the Cross-country Championship Organising Committee for 1887) was his intervention as President of EH at what can only be described as stereotypically bad behaviour of the medical students of the club, when they disrupted a theatre performance at the Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh in a fit of pique:

After leaving Edinburgh around 1887/1888, William took up residence near Carlisle where he married Mary Collinson Tully from Kirkandrews-on-Eden (only a few miles from Rockcliffe) aged 30 in July, 1889. Mary’s father was a Sea Captain so was brought up mainly by her mother.

William and his wife appear in the census of 1891 as living in Keighley aged 40 with one servant and described as a Physician and Surgeon. Mary dies in 1902 and William remarries in 1903 and then all record of him is lost until the death of a WM Gabriel, is reported in Kent in January, 1940 aged 79. It may well be that he emigrated for a period of time, but it is also clear that there is no further record of him connected to the sport after 1888. In the same way that he suddenly appears as an athlete at 21 without seemingly any athletic record, he steps away just as abruptly at 28. It appears that he had no children by either wife.
Athletics career summary
William Mabson Gabriel and the Formation of Edinburgh Harriers and Cross-Country Season 1885-1886
David Scott Duncan called a meeting n the 29th of September, 1885 to form a harrier club for Edinburgh. However, St Georges’s FC had also called a meeting for the 30th at the Richmond Hotel, Edinburgh so at the meeting of the 29th it was decided to attend the meeting of the 30th. Attendance at the meeting of the 29th was essentially between University men and other interested parties while the one on the 30th was from the football club plus those of the 29th. Both parties came together on the 30th with a decision to form the Edinburgh Harriers. William M Gabriel was one of those present. At a further meeting on Monday 5th October, office bearers were appointed and WM Gabriel was appointed the first Captain of the club. Some 100 plus names had been enrolled.
The first run was on the 17th October from the Harp Hotel, Corstorphine with WMG acting as ‘pace’ over 6miles with a half mile run in with WMG coming 2nd in the run in to DSD. Their second run was from the Morningside Volunteer Arms over 8mls (72mins) with WMG in the pack. The 3rd run was diverted from Musselburgh to Mrs Crosbie’s Inn, Levenhall, soon to be a favourite, with 13 runners and WMG in the ‘fast pack’ (Fowside Castle, Tranent to Haddington), 7.5mls. The following week (4th run) was from The Sheep head at Duddingston with 33 runners and WMG as one of the hares. An account records that one of the hares had ‘fallen lame’ and was caught half a mile from home ‘but the other just saved his skin by half a minute’. The 5th run was from Justinlees Inn at Eskbank with 14 members over 8mls and was through the grounds of the Marquis of Lothian’s Estate.
By now the club felt confident enough to have a ‘competition’ and on 21st November there was a 2 mile handicap at the Royal Gymnasium. There is no record of Gabriel in the first three so if he was present it is likely he was ‘handicapped out of it’.
The first inter-club run between two Scottish Harriers clubs was on Saturday 28th November at Corstorphine, 8 from Clydesdale Harriers and 22 from Edinburgh over 10 miles. It was on a ‘hares and hounds’ basis with ‘jumps’ but the trail was lost. A further run on 12th December from the Railway Inn at Colinton was followed by the club cross-country handicap at Musselburgh on 19th with HH Almond of Loretto as judge. WMG along with DSD were off scratch so effectively handicapped out. The final run on 26th December was poorly attended with a note that ‘the bulk of the members are out of town’.
1886 started with a ‘smoker’ at ‘headquarters’ at which 60 were present and a run from Mrs Clark’s Inn, Coltbridge on the 9th of January, but no mention of WMG. Although entered for the Club’s 5 miles cross-country handicap and given 30 secs, only 17 out of the 24 entrants turned out and no mention of WMG although he may have run if entered as a captain’s duty. WMG turned out for the run from Mrs Crosbie’s at Levenhall on the 23rd of January.
It is also likely that he ran in the return inter-club at Ibrox with Clydesdale Harriers from the Northern Cricket Club Pavillion, Ibrox but again, no mention. 14 runners from Clydesdale and 13 from Edinburgh ran plus 5 from Lanarkshire Bicycle Club Harriers over 7.5mls. There is no further mention of WMG at the run from the Sheep Head, Duddingston on 6th February or of any run on the 13th February. However, the club 10 mile championship was run on 20th February at Musselburgh. On the day, 8 competitors out of just over 20 lost the course so the race was declared void and while WMG ran, he seemed to have been handicapped out again. The team for the Scottish Championships was announced and WMG was part of that team. In the re-run on 27th February, WMG placed 6th after the handicap was applied in 1hr, 1min and 43secs.
The Scottish Cross-Country Championships were held at Lanark on 27th March after a postponement due to weather (snow) from the 13th. WMG came in 4th and was third counter behind Duncan and Jack in the Edinburgh winning team. He was almost 3 minutes behind Finlay the winner and 1minute, 30 secs behind Jack in 3rd place.
Gabriel turned out for some 13-15 runs over the cross-country season of 1885- 1886 for Edinburgh Harriers, placed 4th in the National championship and was a counter in the winning team.
Cross-Country Season 1886-1887
Edinburgh Harriers has some 21 cross-country fixtures for the season commencing on Saturday 23rd October, 1886. It is unclear whether WMG took part in either the first one at Coltbridge or the second run mid-week at Corstorphine on Thursday 28th. He was not named in any further calendar run until 26th February, 1887 when he was listed as having a 2min handicap for the club’s 10 mile cross country championship but WMG was unplaced. Prior to this however WMG was asked to serve on the Committee of Management regarding the cross-country championships for 1887. This committee was elected at a meeting immediately following the inter club with CH on December 11th at a meal at the Bridge Street Railway Hotel following the run. It is unclear whether WMG was present or had allowed his name to go forward. This was the meeting that decided on 3 qualifying runs by members in order to be selected for the championships (controversially CH would later visit Ayr with one member and declare it a CH run in order to be able to select Ayr runners).
Following his appearance at the club 10 mile cross-country champs in February 1887, WMG again appeared in a club run from Granton on 12th March while being named in the EH team for the Scottish Championships which took place on Saturday, 19th March at Hampden Park. His runs immediately prior to the championships seemingly an attempt to get his 3 counting runs in order to be eligible for selection. WMG came in 4th in the championships and was second counter for the EH team that retained the team championship. It would appear from his absence during the cross-country season that he had either graduated and was working elsewhere or that he had incurred an injury and couldn’t run, but if the latter was the case then his run in the Scottish Championships was extraordinary. He had also given up the Captaincy of the club to take on the Presidency for season 1886/1887, a role which would indicate less onerous attendance. Out of all the runs of the season he managed about 3-4 appearances but had clearly maintained a degree of fitness. At the club AGM in October, 1887, he stepped down from the Presidency of the club and allowed his name to be put forward for the committee for 1887-1888 but there are no further reports of him.

Athletics career summary – Track
1881
Ulster Cricket Club Athletic Sports, 18th April, 1881: One mile flat h’cap, 1st winning a gilt oxidised jug. Also competed against Snook in the 2 miles off 180yds.
West of Scotland Sports Hamilton Crescent, 16th April, 1881: 880 yds collided with a competitor when ‘going well’.
Queens College Athletic Sports, 14th May, 1881: 880yds flat open h’cap – unplaced off 15yds
Edinburgh Royal High School Sports, 21st May, 1881: 880 h’cap for recognised clubs, 2nd off 15yds EUAC.
Arthurlie Sports at Barrhead, 25th June, 1881: One mile – going well but mistook the number of laps.
Edinburgh University Athletic Club Sports at Corstorphine, 2nd July, 1881: Two miles Open h’cap – 1st off 110yds. 11mins
Edinburgh Football Association Sports at Tynecastle, 11th July, 1881: 1st – 880 yds and 1st – One mile.
Buccleuch Cricket Club Sports at Granton, 16th July, 1881: 1st One mile h’cap beating David Scott Duncan.
Played cricket mid-August, 1881, Burgh v Silloth
1882
Heart of Midlothian Sports, Edinburgh, 6th May, 1882: 880 yds Open. 1st
Watsonians Sports at Myreside, 13th May, 1882: 880yds h’cap – not placed off 7yds. ‘Not in good form’.
Edinburgh Institute Games at Warriston Park, 17th June, 1882: Open 880 yds WMG off 12yds – not placed.
Edinburgh University Bicycle Club Sports at Powderhall, 24th June, 1882: 880yds h’cap Open. 2nd off 20yds
Edinburgh University Athletic Club Sports, at Corstorphine 1st July, 1882: One Mile flat, 2nd beating David Scott Duncan into 3rd and 2 mile, Flat, h’cap, Open – 3rd (thronged with young ladies!)
1883
Glasgow Academicals Sports at Kelvinside, 5th May, 1883: 2nd Steeplechase, Open
Scottish Amateur Athletic Association Champs. at Powderhall, 23rd June, 1883: One Mile, 2nd to DS Duncan
Edinburgh University Athletic Club Sports at Powderhall, 7th July, 1883: One Mile Flat, 2nd to DS Duncan. Time $mins 30 4/5.
1884
St Andrews University Sports at St Andrews, 29th March, 1884: 2nd – 880yds (Universities).
Scottish Amateur Athletic Association Champs. at Powderhall, 28th June, 1884: Unplaced in both 880yds and One mile (dropped out).
Edinburgh University Cycling Club Sports at University Cricket club, 5th July, 1884: 2nd One Mile h’cap off 15yds
Edinburgh University Athletic Club Sports at Powderhall, 12th July, 1884: 2nd off scratch, 2mls h’cap, Open. WMG time for 1st mile was 4. 58. He threw up at the finish!
1885
Scottish Amateur Athletic Association Champs. at St Mirren FC, Paisley, 27th June, 1885: Entered mile but didn’t run. 5,000 spectators
No further indication of him on the track under EUAC and didn’t compete in the EUAC Sports – left University?
1886
Edinburgh Harriers/Liverpool Harriers Inter-club Track Meeting at Powderhall, 1st May, 1886: 2nd in the One mile, started 4mls but dropped out
Vale of Leven Sports at Alexandria, 8th May, 1886: 880yds Open h’cap – 2nd off scratch; One mile Open h’cap – 1st off scratch
Trial Races for International Cycle Tournament at Powderhall, 12th May 1886: 2nd – 880yds off 18yds (one foot race on programme)
Edinburgh Northern Bicycle Club Annual Sports at Powderhall, 15th May, 1886: 2nd – One Mile h’cap off scratch to WM Jack off 75yds.
Edinburgh Institution Games at Warriston, 21st May, 1886: 1st – 880yds Open h’cap off 16yds. Time of 2mins 8secs
1st Edinburgh Harriers Annual Sports at Powderhall, 29th May, 1886: One Mile – scratched, 1st 4mls Invitation race & winner of the McKay, Cunningham & Co Cup. 5min first lap, 10min 28secs, 16mins 2 secs and 21mins 16 3/5ths. Cup worth 15 guineas. Beat AP Finlay. Cup a tankard with figures in relief, oxidised and gilt. WMG described as ‘dead beat when finished’.
Dunfermline Cricket & Football Club Sports at Lady’s Mill Park, 5th June, 1886: 1st – 880 yds off scratch in 2mins 10secs; 2nd – One mile h’cap off scratch to winner off 60yds
Hull Athletic Club Sports at Botanic Gardens, 14th June, 1886: 880yds DNF off scratch; 3rd – One mile h’cap off scratch
Scottish Amateur Athletic Association Championships at Powderhall, 26th & 28th June, 1886: 2nd One mile (only2 entrants) and dropped out of 10 miles after 4.5 mls.
WMG seemed to return home in July and August as he is reported as playing cricket. He turned out for a select XI (Mr Blakes Team XI) against Scotby and was bowled for 5.
1887
The Ulster Cricket Club Sports, 8th April, 1887: 1st in the 2 miles h’cap off 220 yards.
Edinburgh Northern Cycle Club Sports at Powderhall, 14th May, 1887: 5th One mile open h’cap off 30yds
Edinburgh Harriers 2nd Annual Sports at Powderhall, 28th May, 1887: 1st – Invitation 3mile flat race. 1st – 15mins. 37 2/5th secs. 6 runners. Scottish 3 mile Record (ratified in February, 1888)
Scottish Amateur Athletic Association Championships at Hampden Park, 25th June, 1887: 3rd in 4mls, unplaced/did not run in 10 miles
St George’s FC Sports at Powderhall, 30th June, 1887: One mile h’cap off 65 yds
St Bernard’s FC Athletic Sports, 16th July, 1887: 1st One mile flat h’cap – no record of him running (off 45yds)
Templepatrick Amateur Athletic Meeting, Ireland, 23rd July, 1887: 880yds Open flat race h’cap unplaced off 20yds; One mile open flat race h’cap – unplaced off 50yds
Edinburgh Harriers Prize list for 1887: Gabriel: 1st – 3; 2nd – 1 and 3rd – 2.
1888.
There is no further record of WMG either in athletics or in cricket

HMcDT9/2/2021

Edinburgh Harriers and Dollar Institution

Medallist Scottish Cross-Country Championships 1891, 1892, 1893

 Secretary Edinburgh Harriers 1892-1897

Secretary Scottish Cross-Country Union 1892-1897

 President Scottish Amateur Athletic Association 1910-1911

William Miller Carment (Bill) was born in India on 11^th June 1868. The Carment family came from India to Dollar with their mother, who was widowed at some point after 1874. There were 9 children, who all attended Dollar Academy, the oldest starting in 1878. Bill’s name appears in fees and marks books for Dollar Academy (at that time Dollar Institution). He seems to have started in 1879 and took the usual subjects, including Latin. Unfortunately, the registers for this period are not complete.

There is no record of Bill as a sportsman at school and it was too early for rugby and cricket photos and neither could his name be found in any early edition of the school magazine for 1881-3 (there were reports of rugby and cricket matches and results of athletic sports). He would have been around 14/15 years of age in 1883 so perhaps not of age for a senior team. In his writing in 1902 in the later school magazine, The Dollar Magazine (founded 1902), he refers to his schooldays:

“Paper-chasing was a great favourite with us during the winter months. I know of no form of athletic exercise where the weak and the strong meet on more even terms than in paper-chasing. When neither matches nor sides are on, this fills the void and in addition tends to lessen loafing and patronising of tuckshops, of which there is a great deal too much.”

Although he claims never to have participated in school sports, he clearly enjoyed and took part in ‘paper-chasing’ which may have been something in which the boys indulged in their spare time with the tacit acceptance of the staff. This had left its mark as he joined Edinburgh Harriers in October 1888 age 20 as he worked and lived in Edinburgh prior to joining Edinburgh Harriers in 1888.

His occupation in the 1891 census is listed as Insurance Clerk (age 22) and his address is 24 Moston Terrace, Newington living with older brother David (aged 27 in 1891) and his mother (51) and 6 other siblings (Mary aged 25, Margaret 21, Joseph 20, Caroline 19, Andrew 18 and Jane 16) and one servant. It would appear therefore that William lived in Newington for his athletic career as a runner. He competed regularly, mainly in cross-country and was in the vanguard of the sport as clubs were formed. He was selected for and competed in five Scottish Cross-Country Championships for Edinburgh Harriers, achieving bronze in three successive years. His track record was less impressive except for his Ten Mile Championship run in 1892 placing second to Andrew Hannah who set a new Scottish record. He tended to compete ‘locally’ around Edinburgh rather than appear at sports meetings further afield such as Glasgow and Dundee. It was during season 1892-1893 that Bill Carment took on the dual role of Secretary of Edinburgh Harriers as well as Secretary and Treasurer of the Scottish Cross-Country Union in addition to his own running and his occupation working in insurance. This seemed to lead to health issue which came to the fore in early 1893. While there are conflicting reports of either ‘over-work’ or ‘heart strain’, the events of the 1893 Scottish Cross-Country Championship perhaps had a direct impact on him. The report of the race (below) indicates that may have been badly injured and yet still finished 3^rd.

(Scottish Referee, 13 March,1893)                                                                                                                

His name doesn’t appear again until a press report in May, 1893 indicates that he had decided to take a break from running on medical grounds. He seemed to be able to step back until the following cross-country season of 1894 but then appeared to suffer one set back after another and in 1894/95 it was variously reported that he had a ‘strained tendon’, influenza and then a fall which broke a bone in his hand (he also fell in the Scottish Cross-Country Championships of 1890). He did try a comeback for the Championships of 1896 but in the event, Edinburgh only completed 5 men and he was not named in the team. This was a short (just over 5 years) but reasonably successful athletic career as a runner. By about 1893 ‘Bill’ had developed an active interest as an athletics administrator and this seemed a suitable substitute for his running. He was evidently well thought of (and connected) and he served as both secretary (1892/93, 1894-97) of Edinburgh Harriers (still living at 24 Moston Terrace, Edinburgh) and also as committee member (1894/95), his tenure with roles with Edinburgh Harriers finishing in the autumn of 1897. He was also secretary and treasurer of the Scottish Cross-Country Union from 1892 until 1897 and acted as Clerk of Course for the Scottish Junior Cross-Country Championships in 1897. He did not stand for any position after 1897 but the Scottish Cross- Country Union held a testimonial for him after the Scottish Cross-Country Championships of March 1898 where he was presented with a ‘presentational marble clock and side ornaments’ at the official function at the West End Café, Edinburgh following the race.   

In the period immediately after 1898 it is not clear what Bill Carment did in his athletic career. It is likely he maintained his interest and influence since in 1910-1911 he became President of the SAAA by then residing in Morningside. His involvement over the intervening period of 12 years is not clear however. He was also a keen former pupil and was elected President of the Dollar Academy Club in 1904.

Dollar Magazine 1910 pp40-41

WE have pleasure in noting W. M. Carment’s promotion to the Presidency

of the Scottish Amateur Athletic Association. No more loyal F.P. exists

than ” Bill” Carment, whose services to the School for many years, especially

in athletics and in the management of the Edinburgh Dollar Academy Club,

of which he is at present Secretary, have been as ungrudging as they have

been valuable and valued. The Evening Dispatch says :—

“There are few better known men in Edinburgh athletic circles than

Mr W. M. Carment, of Dollar Academy, who was on Wednesday elected

President of the Scottish Amateur Athletic Association. And he is popular

with all and highly respected. No one has an ill word to say of Mr Carment.

He has represented his old School on the Association Committee since 1902,

and all his days has been a keen follower of the running pastime. Though

there are no championships standing to his credit in the books of the S. A.A.A.

or N.C.C.U., he was, nevertheless, a very capable runner in his day, both on

the track and over country, and he was especially reliable in the latter respect.

For three years in succession in the early nineties, he ran third in the Scottish

Cross-Country Championship, and twice, in 1892 and 1893, he was club

champion of the Edinburgh Harriers. He was a miler of no mean ability.

On one occasion he was runner-up to Mr Andrew Hannah in the ten miles

flat championship, and in accepting office Mr Carment jocularly remarked

upon the fact that he was once more following in the footsteps of Mr Hannah,

though not then so far behind as he sometimes had been in years gone by.

Mr Carment was Secretary of the Cross-Country Union for a number of years,

and also of the Edinburgh Harriers’ Club. He has served a good apprenticeship,

having done splendid service to athletics in an official capacity, and will

make an excellent President.”

    By 1901 (age 32) he had moved to 23 W. Maitland Street, Haymarket as a lodger with his younger brother Joseph. In 1910, William (age 41) married Mary Alice Pearce (age 44) on 25^th March. Her address is given as Joppa Road, Portobello and she appears to have been an only child looking after her widowed father Joseph who was also an Insurance Clerk. She was originally from Hatch End in Middlesex.  William’s father is listed as a Civil Engineer on the marriage certificate. At the time of his marriage William had moved again and was living at 27 Thistlestone Road, Morningside. In the 1911 census he is listed as living at 169 Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh with Mary and occupation still as an Insurance Clerk.

William died on 28^th October, 1923 from ‘General Paralysis’, likely a ‘stroke’, which he appeared to have had some 2.5 years before. They were still living in Dalkeith Road. Mary died some years later on 21st March, 1931 from a cerebral haemorrhage aged 64.

Bill’s athletic career is summarised below.

Key achievements:

1891 Scottish Cross-Country Championships – 3^rd individual and winning team (Edinburgh Harriers)

1891 Scottish Ten miles Track Championship -2nd

1892 Club Cross-Country Champion (Edinburgh Harriers)

1892 Scottish Cross-Country Championships – 3^rd Individual and 2^nd Team (Edinburgh Harriers)

1893 Club Cross-Country Champion (Edinburgh Harriers)

1893 Scottish Cross-Country Championships – 3^rd Individual and 3^rd team (Edinburgh Harriers)

1892- 1897 Secretary and Committee member of Edinburgh Harriers (except 1893-1894)

1892-1897 Secretary and Treasurer of the Scottish Cross- Country Union

1910-1911 President of the Scottish Amateur Athletic Association

Appendix 1 Cross-Country

Cross-Country Season 1888-1889

There is no clear record of William running over the country prior to 1888. While William may have joined Edinburgh Harriers in October, 1888, the first mention of WMC running comes on a run at Dalkeith on 10^th November. He may well have appeared at the club 2 mile handicap on 24^th November, but again there is no mention of him. WMC then runs from Granton over 8miles on Saturday 1^st December acting as whip a fact that probably means that his credentials were established as a runner. Thereafter WMC appears in quick succession at Coltbridge on the 8^th and at Musselburgh on the 15^th with WMC in the fast pack in a 4 miles handicap with 2mins 45secs, coming 12^th. There is no further mention of him until February 23^rd 1889 although he may well have been in pack runs in the intervening 9 club runs and he may have been involved in the infamous ‘cabbage field run’ at Portobello on 2^nd February. WMC ran in the club 10 mile championships (handicap) at Musselburgh on the 23^rd coming 3^rd and then again the week after at Craiglockhart with WMC running as pace over an 8 mile course.

William was then selected for the EH team for the Scottish Cross-Country Championships which was delayed until 23^rd March and finished 19^th, 7^th counter for EH in a time of 60mins and 8secs just over 5 minutes behind the winner (McCann, CH). Edinburgh Harriers were 2^nd Team. His season appears to have finished with this race. Some 7 runs with the club but possibly more.

 Cross-Country Season 1889-1890

As with the previous season, there are incomplete records relating to Edinburgh Harriers in the press who were reliant on club secretaries sending information. There is no record of WMC at the AGM of Edinburgh Harriers on Monday 7^th October, 1889 but in all likelihood he would have attended. Neither is there a record of him at the club run from Musselburgh on 26^th October. WMC acted as hare at the novice prize event at Currie on 2^nd November, the course being over 6mls.  Thereafter there is no mention of him at any of the runs at Falkirk (9^th), or on the 16^th (no venue found); the Sheepshead, Duddingston on the 23^rd; the run from Dalkeith on the 30^th or a run from Pitt St Baths on 7^th December (46 attended). It is unlikely he would have missed 5 consecutive runs, so the absence of his name perhaps indicates a lack of detailed information in reporting. For the club’s 4 mile handicap at Musselburgh on 14^th December he was given 1min 30secs and he came in 8^th with a time of 23mins and 55 1/5secs but an actual time of 25mins and 25 1/5secs, a time which placed WMC in 4^TH place overall.

The first runs of 1890 saw WMC run in the Loretto Cup meeting on 4^th January but only in the ‘other’ race where he came in 3^rd of 12 runners. There is no mention of him the following week (11^th) at Eskbank with Dalkeith Harriers but he runs at Duddingston on 18^th January in the club 5mls. Handicap which started using the ‘yacht principle’ (all at once). WMC came in 7^th in 28mins but with his 1min 40secs handicap, his time was 26mins and 20secs.  There is no mention of him on the 25^th January at the inter-club; 1^st February at Coltbridge (41 runners); 8^th February at Musselburgh (first six named for the Scottish Championships named but not listed) or on 15^th at the Sheepshead, Duddingston (thus again no name found for 4 runs). WMC appears again on 22nd February at the club’s 10mile handicap at Musselburgh, coming 1^st in the race (getting fastest time medal) and 2^nd in the handicap. Better runners competing at the SHU championships that day! This result seems to have run him into selection for the team for the Nationals. WMC runs the following week (1stMarch) at Tynecastle before the Scottish Cross-Country Championships the following week 8^th March) also at Tynecastle. WMC placed 14^th coming in 8^th Edinburgh Harrier (although he could have placed higher as he fell) with Edinburgh coming in 2^nd team. In total, WMC put in at least 7 runs out of a total of 18 known runs but again, probably competed more often.

 Cross-Country Season 1890-1891

No mention of WMC at the AGM of 7^th October. 1^st run was on 11^th October from Portobello Pier (41 runners) in which WMC acted as whip and on the 18^th from Musselburgh (Mrs Crosbie’s Inn, Levenhall) (38 runners) but no mention of WMC at either. The run on the 25^th from Currie and mentions WMC running strongly in the fast pack. The run on 1^st November from Duddingston (Sheepshead) attracted 51 runners but no mention of WMC. There is no mention again of WMC at the interclub on 8^th November from Logie Green which involved EH, Clydesdale Harr, Edinburgh Northern Harr and Edinburgh University Hares & Hounds, 107 runners. WMC is given a handicap of 60yds for the 2 mile handicap at Powderhall on the 15^th but fails to end up in the top results. The EH then meet at Craiglockhart on the 22^nd where WMC acted as whip and pace and came in 2^nd in the run in. At Eskbank (Annfield Inn) on the 29^th for an inter-club with Edinburgh Northern and Dalkeith in which WMC ran and placed 2^nd. EH then ran at Duddingston on 6^th December (50 runners) and then their annual 4 mile handicap from Musselburgh on the 13^th in which WMC placed 16^th off 20secs. His handicap time was 25mns 45secs and actual time 25mins 5secs. The club ran from Coltbridge (Clark’s Inn) on the 20^th but again no mention of WMC. The final run on the 27^th was ‘open’ from Duddingston (Sheepshead Inn) 8 turned up. It is clear there is under reporting as given his handicap, WMC is clearly fit so must have been training and running relatively regularly to receive low handicaps (2 off scratch and 3 off 20secs). 5 runs in which he can be found out of 12 scheduled.

The second half of the season opened at Levenhall, Musselburgh on 3^rd January. WMC acts as whip on the 10^th at Dalkeith. At the club 5mls handicap on the 17^th at Duddingston WMC is unplaced. Thereafter there is no mention of WMC that can be traced for the next 4 runs until 21^st February at the club 10 mile handicap where WMC was off 1min 30secs indicating good fitness. He was unplaced. No mention in the following two runs and then he runs in the Scottish Cross-country Championships on 14^th March at Cathkin Park. WMC runs exceptionally and comes in 3^rd individual place, 2^nd counter for Edinburgh who win the team championship. He was 45secs behind Hannah the winner. This appears to finish his season although there are two remaining Saturdays. It is unlikely that WMC only ran in 4 club and championship runs therefore the total runs for the cross-country season are an underestimation. 

 Cross-Country season 1891-1892

Of the 12 Saturday runs of the first half of this cross-country season, there is only one record of him running and that is the 17^th October, 1891 at Levenhall, Musselburgh where he came in 1^st out of 32 runners.  He will have competed more often but may well have found himself ‘handicapped out’. Out of potentially 13 runs for the second half of the season, WMC appears in reports of the 27^th January at the Club 5mls handicap at Duddingston where he is 1^st man in and is awarded the fastest time medal (doesn’t appear in the handicap) and then only in the Scottish Cross-Country Championships at Tynecastle on 12^th March where WMC places 3^rd again, narrowly losing out on silver by 1 second. The Edinburgh Harriers Team come in second in the team race and WMC is 1^st counting runner. By now with more clubs and more runners it is difficult to pick up individual detail of runners.

 Cross-Country Season 1892-1893

In 13^th outings up to the end of 1892, WMC is picked up in only 2 runs. The first is on 12^th November at Powderhall at Edinburgh Harriers 2 miles handicap and WMC is off scratch and doesn’t make the listings. The next run is on 26^th November at an inter-club with Dalkeith Harriers and WMC acts as pace and whip. In the second half of the season form January to March he runs on the first two outings of the year at Eskbank at New Year coming 2^nd and then the following week at Edinburgh Harriers 5 mile handicap on the 14^th where WMC led at half way but came in unplaced.  WMC then ran on 11^th February at Duddingston over 7mls followed by the Edinburgh Harriers Club 10mls cross-country handicap at Musselburgh. WMC came in 1^st on actual time winning the fastest time medal for a second time 58mins 46secs. His next outing at the Scottish Cross-Country Championships on 11^th March was something of an ordeal. WMC, for the 3^rd successive year, placed 3^rd and 1^st counter for the 3^rd placed Edinburgh team but at some cost.

 Appendix 2 Track

Track Season 1889

WMC raced infrequently over the season and it is likely that even though he may have raced more then the detail below, his performances were relatively modest. Immediately following the end of the cross-country season WMC raced at an Edinburgh Harriers evening meeting on Monday 8^th April in a 2 mile Novice Handicap off 30yds  coming 3^rd (1^st and 2^nd were off scratch). May was productive. He ran at Watson’s College Sports on 4^th May over 880yds off 32yds but did not finish probably due to ‘Carment cut out the running at a fast pace for 600yds at a great pace’. On 11^th May at Stewarts’s College Sports WMC again dropped out in a One Mile Open Handicap (off 120yds). 10 started but only 2 finished. The same again on 18^th May at The Edinburgh Harriers Sports at Powderhall in a One Mile Open Handicap. ‘Carment cut out the running at a fast pace for half a mile’ off 125yds. The 3 non finishes may have contributed to his absence in June but on 4^th July at the Royal High School Cricket Club Sports at Holyrood Cricket Field, WMC placed 2^nd off 95 yards in a One Mile Open Handicap. WMC followed this up with 3^rd at the St Bernard’s Sports on 13^th July placing 3^rd off 115yds after a ‘game struggle for 3^rd’. He disappears from reporting for the remainder of the season. It may well be that competed elsewhere as 3 finishes out of 6 races seems paltry.

Track Season 1890

There was significant under reporting for WMC this year but it may be that he competed sparingly as in the previous year. It seems that he stayed ‘local’ to Edinburgh. WMC came 2^nd in the Edinburgh Harriers Sports in the One Mile Handicap on 17^th May (off 80yds – 4mins 29secs) and then WMC was 1^st at the Stewarts College Sports on 23^rd May in the One Mile handicap off 50yds in 4mind 48secs

Track Season 1891

WMC started his track season on 2^nd April, 1891 by placing 2^nd in the Scottish Ten Mile Track Championship at Hampden Park. Hannah set a new Scottish record of 54mins and 18 4/5ths to Carment’s 58mins 12 4/5ths. After this date, while he may well have competed in annual sports, there is not further mention of him which probably supports the notion that he wasn’t really a track athlete.

Track Season 1892

Just 2 outings are recorded. One on 14^th May at Stewarts College Sports where WMC runs off scratch in the One Mile handicap and comes 4^th. The second is on 14^th June at Edinburgh Harriers Sports with WMC running in a 3 mile Invitation Scratch race coming 3^rd. There will have been more but reporting is minimal.

he help and assistance of the Archivist for Dollar Academy, Janet Carolan is gratefully acknowledged.

HMcDT9/2/2021

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Arthur Newton was an amazing man altogether: having taken up running to gain publicity for a political campaign that he was involved in, he became one of the greatest ultra long distance runners in the world.  He kept on writing about the sport and training for it, many of his notions have been discredited but by no means all of them.   After the War he contributed articles on training and racing to many publications including the ‘Scots Athlete’ magazine published by Walter Ross.   The story of Newton and his training and racing partner Pete  Gavuzzi is an absorbing story of an age of running that is gone.   “Running For Their Lives: The Extraordinary Story of Britain’s Greatest Ever Distance Runners”  by Mark Whitaker is well worth a read.   We have here one of his books – Races and Training (pub. 1949) – which was scanned in by Alex Wilson.  The first half of the book is all about his racing career while the second half contains his training theories.   For instance he has sections on Marathon training, on the best age to tackle the event, on the cult of speed, on diet, on tactics and many other aspects.   Some chapters are quite short, a couple of pages, some are much longer and they can be accessed from the table of contents below.

CHAPTER XXVIII

SOUTH AFRICA  LED   THE   WAY

IF their governing bodies won’t do it, the athletes themselves must, like everyone else nowadays, alter their outlook and methods, for you can’t have progress without change. I learnt that lesson long ago, but our English authorities resent anything in the nature of radical change and do what they can to prevent it.

As you know, athletics suffered considerably from the war, though long-distance running came out better than most sports. Perhaps that’s because war training doesn’t need sheer sprinting ability as a rule so much as stamina and dogged endurance ; but anyway, cross-country and distance work battled through the ordeal better than many of us expected.

Ever since 1922 South Africa has been teaching athletes a lesson, yet owing to the disinclination of the authorities to accept changes, we have hardly begun to realise the value of it. There was a spate of controversy in the local press when Vic. Clapham started the Comrades’ Marathon in 1921, the 54-miles road-race across mountainous country between Maritzburg and Durban in Natal. Those who had never had actual experience of this kind of thing were apt to condemn it outright because, as they thought, it was altogether too strenuous ; but Clapham knew what he was about and stuck to his guns. After a lot of time had been wasted in useless controversy his Club told him he might organise it under their auspices provided he guaranteed that it didn’t cost them a penny and, chancing whether he lost heavily or not, he promoted the race which was destined to become famous throughout the athletic world.

It was quite unlike other races in more ways than one. In the first place the majority of competitors—yes, actually the very great majority—entered without a thought of winning or even being placed ; they knew well enough that where they were up against such a tough job honours were not overlikely to come their way.

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But that didn’t matter. Everything in their experience told them that much more than average stamina was needed to cover such a distance in twelve hours, and they sent in their names with no other object than to prove to themselves (and maybe to their friends) that they were no less able than others to achieve the task set them.

By the way, two women, one a typist and the other a school-teacher, competed unofficially at different times, and both succeeded. Prizes, generously donated by the principal newspapers and other bodies, were not only on a lavish scale but were numerous, yet they were not the attraction they might have been in shorter events ; the only thing that really mattered was that a fellow should prove his ability to stand the gruelling and reach the tape as undismayed as others.

That was how nearly all of them carried on, at any rate for their first attempt. After that, many of them found that training had improved them so wonderfully that they could make a much better job of it next time without running themselves almost to a standstill, and they had another go.

Then there were a few, and I happened to be one of these, who entered intending to win, or at any rate get mighty close to it. These latter had to do even more in the way of preparation than the bulk of the field if they wanted to stand a sporting chance. You see, those who were only just sufficiently trained to ” make ” the distance in standard time (twelve hours) always arrived at the finish in considerable discomfort—if being most distressingly tired can be classed as discomfort ; anyway I know that was how I felt when still fifteen miles from the end of my first attempt. But the well-trained men were always capable of a bit more when they timed in, for they were not called upon to punish themselves so severely.

It was not only a case of building up muscles to stand the strain ; a fellow’s mind had to be developed at the same time to make sure his muscles acted according to plan ; otherwise he lost a good place or even a win solely through faulty judgment. There was one year when it was all but a dead heat between two at the finish. The second man had been creeping nearer the leader for mile after mile, but he had kept just a bit too much in hand and was finally unable to close the gap ; only a second or two more and he would have done it !

There was another occasion when the man in the lead at fifteen miles struck a bad patch, probably caused by running too fast immediately after a hearty breakfast, and one after another the second, third and fourth men went ahead and left him out of sight-behind. Although constantly losing more ground he knew time might enable him to get over his temporary trouble, and carried on for the next two hours buoyed up by this hope. Round about forty miles he began to pick up, and to such purpose that within the next ten miles he had overtaken all three ahead, finally winning

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I could,, I daresay, tell you a lot about the various Comrades Marathons if I had the time, for I competed in six of them and should have run in many more had I not gone over to America for the Transcontinental Footraces. Amongst other things thev introduced a new method of training which almost at once°proved to be an advance on anything as yet tried. Men were told that for rnarathon work they should ignore speed almost entirely and do nothing more than train six days a week until thev had mastered the art of covering considerable distances every time they went out, no matter how slowly so long as they learnt to perfect their style while actually trotting. At the same time everv possible economy in action was stressed. Joe Binks and Colonel F. A. M. Webster quickly recognised this as a valuable advance, and didn’t hesitate to say so, but ” authority ” on the whole didn’t expect or want to be taught anything by outsiders, a position still maintained.

However, those who accepted these tips and incorporated them into their work did astonishingly well : more than half a dozen South Africans ran right up against, or well into, world records, and then men in other countries began to take notice. McNamara.. the Australian, put up new world’s indoor track records for everything between thirty and hundred miles ; Hardy Ballington followed with even better times on the road, and as recently as 1948, Stanley, another Australian, won the marathon in his continent in vastly better time than had ever before been recorded there. This last man was a member of Cerutty’s marathon club (Victoria) where marathon men were carefully coached on these lines by the founder, P. W. Cerutty : and in the championship event, which Gordon Stanley won, the next seven places went to two new South Wales men and five more marathon clubsters.

When South Africa sent Hardy Ballingtou over here to snaffle a few records for his homeland, he began by cutting the London-Brighton time by one second. The former mark was too fearsome to permit of any great margin, yet Ballington could almost certainly have bettered his attempt had he been able to stay another month or so and get on with his training. You see he had hardly acclimatised himself before he had to tackle the job, and a man can always do better when he has got accustomed to new conditions.

But Ballington had no time for another London-Bright on run just then, as he had come over with intention of having a slap at the hundred miles on the Bath road as well. D’you know, even now people hardly understand bis amazing time of 13 hours 21 minutes for this distance : just think, it beat the acknowledged world TRACK record by nearly three hours—by 15 per cent! Yet Ballington had to run up and down steep hills and long ones, as well as through tens of miles of heavy traffic. Surely it stands to reason that if he could do this his training methods MUST have been altogether ahead of anything previously practised.

Well, it made Englishmen, and even Americans, sit up and think. It was obvious there wasn’t a man in either country at the moment who had any sort of hope against him at his own distance—in the London- Bright on run his nearest rival, a Canadian, was an hour behind ! Among others, Pat Dengis, the American ex-marathon champion, took the lesson to heart and applied the new methods. He didn’t believe in them and openly said so, but his training in the usual way had proved such a strain that he was warned his running days were over. As a last resource, however, he decided to try the new tactics. Within a year he had won the Portchester rnarathon, and then the Pan-American championship, the latter with half a mile to spare. Unfortunately he was killed shortly afterwards in an air-crash.

In this country V. B. Sellars, realising that our men were hopelessly undertrained for marathon running, arranged with his club, the Finchley Harriers, to promote an annual 20-miler for a start; today the ” Finchley 20 ” is a classic. For some time he has had in mind an annual 50-miler, and it is greatly to be hoped that he will eventually be able to stage it.

Some years ago another club, this time the South London Harriers, at the suggestion of C. G. Herniman who provided a floating trophy, also put on a 20-mile event, and found the demand for distance so widespread that it was increased to thirty miles, which was what Herniman originally intended it to be. This, too, is now a very popular annual, and has on two occasions, first by Tom Richards and then by J. T. Holden, brought new world records for the distance. When Richards put up his record over the course Cote, the Canadian, was also inside the old time, and Cote had trained for years on the same lines as Richards, the professional Peter Gavuzzi having been his tutor.

Before the war there were half a dozen South Africans who, because of Comrades’ Marathon training, could probably have filled five out of the first six places in any English marathon race, but if our men now turn to these advanced methods, as some of them undoubtedly will, England will be in a very much better position to accept a challenge. Tom Richards, who trained on these principles, put up a much better performance in the 1948 Olympic Games than any other English runner, and, but for the lapse of attention at one spot, would almost certainly have won the marathon.

Practically all the men who indulged in events of this type served in the Forces in one capacity or another, among them Vic Clapham and his five sons. The encouragement given to cross-country running in this country has now brought in many a new man who is anxious to prove his worth, and it is up to these to study the methods I have suggested. Then there are the old stagers who still compete regularly with the object of keeping themselves in good trim and at the same time offering what assistance they can to the newcomers ; they too will do well to consider the matter.

Rationing with food has of course been one of the snags we have had to put up with, and there have been others as well. If food counts for a lot, so does rest ; and I’ve known men turn out for a race with altogether insufficient sleep beforehand. On one occasion I remember a man, whom I confidently expected to find among the leaders, arrive in exhausted condition in seventh place. Knowing him quite well I asked what was wrong. He told me that if he wanted to compete he had to cut into his sleeping time in order to travel. Acting as one of the officials in the same race was one of the organisers ; travel, combined with lack of sleep, had kept him out of it altogether. Another man, the Club secretary, started off with the bunch knowing his condition was hopeless, for he had only had an hour’s sleep the previous night ; before half the distance had been covered he had the sense to pack up.

We in England don’t seem as yet to have realised that distance running provides not only a more solid foundation for training purposes than sprinting, but is every bit as popular amongst the rank and file. The number of entries in notable cross-country events greatly outnumbers as a rule that of any hundred yards or quarter-mile race. Admitted the Army and Air Force know something about it—though to my mind not enough—and make many of their men, particularly in the Air Force, get thoroughly used to cross-country work.

Well, do you see where all this is leading to ? With peace conditions returning there are hundreds of thousands of young and young-middle-aged men in better physical trim than they have ever been in their lives. They’ll have to work off their exuberant physical energy somehow, and the cross-country clubs will find there’s a bigger field than ever to be catered for. That’s what happened after the 1914-18 war and this time the effect will be even greater because of the number of men engaged and the staffer training they have undergone. All this is to the good. Not only will there be an immense fillip to athletics, but the whole nation has benefitted by the training of its manhood. Taken all round, then, the outlook was never better, and it’s up to individuals as well as clubs to make hay while the sun shines. Perhaps we shall never get such another chance.

CHAPTER XXVII

THE  CULT   OF  SPEED

I’M going to give you a knotty little problem to worry out on your own, and it’ll need all the thought you can give it. You can understand that, having been a runner, I look at athletics largely from a runner’s point of view ; but what I’m about to tell you applies not only to running but just as surely to all forms of athletics.

I’ve had many, some of them widely-known athletes, tell me that I am altogether wrong. They’re welcome to think so. It’s quite on the cards of course that I am mistaken, though that’s for you to judge after you’ve sifted the evidence, when I say that our practice at track, road and field athletics, not to mention other branches, has been based on a misconception right from the start of athletic history. Having got that off my chest you ought to be braced up for the shock, so I’ll proceed to deliver the goods. Here you are, then : I am convinced that it doesn’t help you in any way at any time to practise sheer speed, although that is what practically every athlete has been taught to do, and does ; actual racing in running, or all-out exertion in any other form of sport, should be confined solely to the competition for which you are training, and such events will be all the better if they are few and far between compared with what goes on nowadays.

Revolutionary ? Well, I suppose it is, particularly when you consider that it applies to EVERY form of sport, even sprinting.

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But before you condemn it outright look into my reasons carefully and you will be in a better position to make a decision.

We’ve been brought up to regard speed as something which we lacked but which only needed practice to acquire ; a sort of “practice makes perfect ” affair ; and because the great bulk of our active exponents and teachers have been youthful—as soon as they ceased to be so they discontinued competitive athletics—no one has questioned it, and the teaching holds good today. But if you really pry into things quite a new field is opened up, so much so that an entirely different method of approach is indicated.

Man, as you’ve always understood, is a machine of sorts, no doubt a very complicated affair but he carries on like one all the same—you feed and repair a machine and it turns out energy. There may come a time when you want to work it at its utmost speed ; all that you ever learnt by experience and training has taught you that you will never get anywhere near that until you have removed every defect that is acting as a brake ; also, that to keep giving it speed trials is to keep on postponing its efficiency while consequent repairs and overhauls are undertaken. Apply all that in principle to your body and you’ve got precisely the picture I wanted to show you.

My idea of training for any form of athletics, and I followed it closely throughout my own career, is that first and foremost you should learn style ; learn at slow speed to acquire the necessary action without an atom of wasted movement so far as you can manage it, for good style and economy of action are one and the same thing. Unnecessary action is merely a persistent squandering of your abilities in so far as it consumes energy which could other­wise be used to promote speed. Which makes it evident that there’s no sense in attempting to go all out until you’ve removed such handicaps. When you’ve done so, or got anywhere near it, you will find the speed is there and doesn’t need practice ; it was there all the time but couldn’t be put into commission until every item of wasteful extravagance had been eliminated.

There’s another side to all this, too. Training at high pressure, which we seem to have thought was essential to success, must of necessity be strictly limited ; you can’t do very much of it or it’d make you stale. To guard against this trouble both books and coaches suggest a ” season,” after which you are advised to rest to give yourself a decent chance to recover. Because they encour­age you to swing too high on one side they must balance matters by curtailing exercise on the other. Both these extremes are unwise and unnecessary ; it would surely be more sensible to cut super-intensive practice down by 20 per cent, instead, and then you’d have a very different picture. If you did that you could indulge to an extent which would only be limited by the energy at your command and the time at your disposal. The mere fact that by adopting this method you can devote so much more time .and energy to preparation means that you may expect to reap a corresponding increase in ability during the same period and, the season being extended to the whole year, no loss is occasioned by the ” rest period.” Besides, work of this sort banishes the bugbear of staleness as well as greatly reducing any tendency to strain,’ thus adding still further to your possibilities of improvement.

Every man-jack of us, like every other animal, is born with all the speed (in embryo) he is likely to require ;  it has been built up-through all the countless centuries of our evolution.    It developed just as the body did, and always reached its maximum at full maturity.    In the case of mankind however, it has been so hampered and restricted by civilisation and its amenities—clothes, methods of travel, conditions of living and so on—that a good deal of learning is required to release even a part of what our prehistoric ancestors undoubtedly possessed.    That they were altogether faster than we are there can be no doubt, according to the Darwinian theory, for otherwise legs would not still constitute so large a part of our entire physique.

All muscles respond similarly to the same treatment and what is proved to be good practice for any one set must be good in principle for all. When you learnt to talk undue haste was always deprecated ; your teachers knew well enough that, until you had perfected the minor details, any attempt at speed was a complete waste of time. Well, that applied to the muscles of your tongue, , and of course all others act in the same way ; the sole purpose of training is that you should learn to perform detailed action in the most efficient and economical manner, whether it’s with your tongue or your limbs.

From what I’ve already said you can see that speed depends entirely on the method, efficiency and duration of training, NOT on its intensiveness, for there are no short cuts in Nature and it’s nonsense trying to look for them.

You can get a useful simile by comparing the energy deposited in your system with your assets at the bank.    In business, provided you’re constantly turning over your stock, adding a bit here and a trifle there as you go along, your bank will arrange for a considerable overdraft if a sudden demand makes it necessary.    When you’ve built up an extensive connection it will back you to any reasonable limit.    That’s what happens with your training and reserves of energy.    Steady work of the right sort will provide you with a decent margin should a call in the shape of a competition arise ;    while the man who has  unbroken  years  of such preparation to rely on can tackle with serene confidence a task which would be either highly dangerous or hopelessly impossible to a partly-trained rival.

Your aim throughout, therefore, should be to avoid all maximum effort while you work with one purpose only : a definite and sustained rise in the average pace at which you practice, for that is the whole secret of ultimate achievement. This enables you to build up considerable reserves and to add continually to them. Speed trials are worse than useless ; they merely squander all your carefully-built up vim in order to convince you that it really was there, and in so doing put the clock back for weeks with regard to your condition. Any serious competition will, for the time being, deplete your reserves and if you attempt another before they are fully restored you’ll only disappoint yourself and everyone else. Among others, Ballington, the South African, discovered this for himself with a little experimenting, and in consequence wisely refrained from entering a marathon which he might, and probably would, have won, because it came too soon after his London- Brighton record run.

You must have noticed many such mistakes in modern athletics, for competing at unduly short intervals has been thoughtlessly overdone time after time. On the other hand there are those few outstanding men who refused to be caught in the trap, and whose every appearance in public could be relied on to reach a high class of achievement. The ultimate in speed, like the limit in everything else, is abnormal, and should be resorted to only on abnormal occasions ; to over-indulge by even a trifle is to skim the cream off your condition and deprive you of the success your training has so hardly earned.

If you’ve absorbed all the above you will understand better why I decry such things as time trials ; I am convinced that they are nothing but senseless waste of time and energy. What good are they anyway ? They can’t teli you any more than the race itself could. But they can, and will, drain your reserves and do so exactly at the most inopportune time — just when you are getting ready to test your abilities in a competition. The fact that you take a test of this sort makes it look as though you knew you were working in the dark and wanted to make a trial to see that all was really going well ; as though you simply couldn’t be sure about it unless you had actual and indisputable proof. That might be good enough for children but it certainly isn’t for thinking men, for they’re expected to have developed an intellect they can rely on. If you knew you were not using the best possible methods there might be some excuse, but as you are already satisfied that your work is about as good as you can make it you’ll get exactly that result when you race — the best you are capable of with regard to your present standard of training. Time trials ! I reckon they’re one of the evil things we’ve got to learn to do without ; they’re merely a way of heaving overboard all your earnings (reserves) to bolster up your self buoyancy at the moment, stupidly squandering what you’ve saved up for racing.

Yes, I know we’ve been brought up and taught to believe in such things and in maximum speed work for practice too — in our father’s time they were recognised as well-considered and proper procedure. But our fathers had already learnt that the semi-raw meat and corrective medicines of their fathers could be improved upon, and it’s high time we learnt to improve upon what our forbears were able to teach us. There is always better to be found if we look for it ; even the ” advanced ” views I’ve stated above, as many of the old-timers would dub them, though I think they are the best obtainable at the moment, will be pruned, pared down and brought nearer perfection, and possibly you’ll be one of those who help to do it. You’ve got to realise that training, like everything else in life, never ” stays put ” ; it must always be changing with the advance of time, and it’s up to you to use your reason to learn what you can so that you may initiate such changes as you yourself progress.

I don’t expect you, or anyone, to digest all this at a single gulp ; new ideas are sometimes awkward to assimilate off-hand. But if you think these matters out on your own and apply reason and commonsense, you’re sure to find points that can be very useful in your work. Follow them up in your own way and they will lead to enhanced progress.

CHAPTER XXVI

ALL WORK AND   NO  PLAY

QUITE recently I met by appointment a man who told me he was seriously thinking of taking to athletics with the object of putting up new records.    He wanted to know what I thought of it and what I could suggest in the way of useful tips.

We were complete strangers, though I knew him well by name, as do the great bulk of athletes in this country, champions as well as small fry. When I met him I found a young-middle-aged healthy specimen, chockfull of energy and vitality, and one with ideas on training distinctly in advance of those of most textbooks on the subject. We didn’t waste any time over formalities but got down to business right away. He had his theories—as yet untried by himself—and was convinced they were sound. I thought so, too. Very good then, what did I think of his chances if he himself put them to the test ? If he succeeded, these theories —disavowed and derided by nearly all our present teachers— would prove their worth, and he would then have done a good deed for athletes all the world over.

I told him what I could in the short half-hour we had for discus­sion and thereafter spent much time at intervals thinking out the major details of what I believed to be essential for capturing a world athletic record. What I tell you here is, of course, just my personal opinion ; but as it has worked successfully on half-a-dozen different men, all of whom gained their records, it’s sound enough to accept as a basis until a better is discovered. So I’ll leave out all frills and tell you what I consider the plain truth.

Incentive comes first of all; without it you’d never get anywhere. And to achieve world records your incentive has to be great indeed, something far beyond the usual. With that already ” in being ” it’s as well to remember that mentality always comes out top dog in the end ; to be better than any other man in the world, therefore, you must get to know more of your subject than any other man. That hits two ways : (1) you’ve got to put more physical energy into it and (2) you must study intensively the results of such practice as you proceed. Yet another point : athletics must be your major engagement for at least two years on end, your business or means of making a livelihood being at all times one of secondary importance. It couldn’t be otherwise, for if you don’t give practically all you’ve got to the achievement of your object you’ll never be certain of outclassing men who did.

Right ! Get ready for extreme and prolonged discomfort, an outsize dose of both. At what speed will you have to run to make sure of your chosen mark ? Well, if you picked on the marathon a steady 10 2/5ths miles per hour would just about do it. But you must never, except for short temporary bursts, practise at racing speed : the most useful pace in this case would be nine miles per hour. So that’s what you’ll have to learn.

Except for one day in seven practice must be a daily affair and nothing but urgent necessity should turn you from it, your pace being a steady nine miles per hour average up and down hill. The more hills you practise on the better for your ultimate form. At first you will be able to do no more than a few miles without getting badly tired, but after a month or so you’ll be doing more than double the distance and adding a bit to it each week. Don’t go any faster, for your race doesn’t require excessive speed ; but go so far every day that the last mile or two become almost a desperate effort. So long as you’re fit for another dose the following day you’re not overdoing it, and while you keep to steady rhythmic work you’ve nothing to be frightened of. You may think you’re mighty near ” all in ” when you get back, but a short bath followed by a meal will make you feel so much better that you can then turn your mind to less exhausting employment.

Don’t let distance frighten you—it’s only pace that kills. You’ll have to stick at it until you can manage a hundred miles a week quite comfortably. Don’t set a daily schedule ; it’s far more sensible to run to a weekly one. You can’t tell what the temperature, the weather or your own condition will be and should run just as far as you can each day taking all these things into

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consideration. Bad conditions may make you do rather less one day ; given a weeekly schedule there’ll be time to make good the deficit without overstraining. Another time you may find you’re going better than you expected ; put a few more miles into it while you’ve got the chance. Also, every now and again—perhaps once a month—take a 25 per cent, longer run at a slightly lower speed ; you must be quite capable of running thirty miles if you are a first-class marathon man.

Early to bed—probably nine hours there—and early up ; you will need and must have plenty of sleep. Another necessity is the best of food to work on, a somewhat difficult matter in these times. But there’s no compromising ; you require it and must have it. Early nights mean that you cut out nearly all social activities ; records must take precedence of everything. I don’t suppose a gentle binge in the way of a theatre or dance once in a couple of months would do any harm ; it might do good if only because it broke monotony. But nine-tenths of your usual pleasures have to be scrapped to make time for this new work you’ve taken on.

No ; I wouldn’t advise any man to undergo all this ; it’s for him to decide. If his incentive is sufficient he won’t shy at it ; if it’s not, he’ll discover ” it’s just too bad.”

CHAPTER XXV

AGE  AND   THE  MARATHON

 HOW old ought a fellow to be before he goes in for the marathon ? Well, you have two different opinions to choose from (a) that of those who haven’t done much good at it, and (b) the others who have. The former, and of course they’re in the majority, tell you that men should not seriously tackle the race before they are around 26-28, in fact they seem to think that it is an ” old man’s event ” ; the others, that there is no reason why anyone between twenty and forty should not indulge. I agree with the latter, though I would extend the useful limit to fifty—Webster, the Canadian, was well past the forty mark when he won the event in the Empire Games.

We seem to have been brought up with an impression that this long-distance race is too strenuous for any but specially favoured individuals. Indeed the man in the street is so frightened of it that constant medical supervision is regarded as essential for any

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who take to it, and you won’t be allowed to enter one of these events unless you comply. As a matter of fact the better-trained you are for this kind of work the less likelihood there is of your sustaining injury from it at any time. But as doctors haven’t personally had much—if any—experience of running by the hour you can’t blame them if they keep to what they consider to be the safe side. Did they but know it the ” safe ” side has nothing to do with distance ; it is solely a matter of speed.

Did you ever hear of the American Transcontinental Footraces ? They started at one coast and ended at the other. Many competitors were youngsters of around twenty—the winner of the 1928 event was exactly that age, while one runner was no more than sixteen—but not one of them was the worse for his three thousand miles in seventy-nine days. In collaboration with the doctor who travelled with the contestants, the American medical fraternity satisfied themselves on this point immediately after the conclusion of the first race. The bulk of men were between twenty-four and forty-five, and of the fifty-five who finished, all ages from sixteen to forty-nine were represented. If that doesn’t prove that distance running is not dependent, within certain limits of course, on age, I don’t know what does. And remember these men averaged daily a much greater mileage than the orthodox marathon. Those of them who indulged in speeding dropped out in the first week ; the rest travelled leisurely at a dead easy pace, the leaders doing about 6½ miles per hour.

So it doesn’t seem to matter a rap what your age is provided you’re between twenty and forty; the younger you happen to be the sooner you can get into decent trim. But your mind is not so experienced in the early twenties, and at that time the work may appear to be too gruelling altogether to make it worthwhile. So long as you’re just about fully grown, as the great majority are at twenty, there is nothing to stop you from becoming first-class at the marathon or any other event you happen to be reasonably fitted for.

Aren’t we just as much animals as horses and dogs, albeit certainly brainier ones ? Any well-grown animal can keep pace with the rest of its kind within reason, and if we are trained for it there’s hardly a man who couldn’t become a decent marathoner. Donkey’s years ago when our forebears were savages every individual must have been a first-class distance merchant as well as a decent sprinter. Convenience has made us drop prolonged travelling afoot but games have kept a certain amount of sprinting going, with the result that the training for distance must now be more arduous than it is for shorter events.

Where 99 per cent, of younger men go wrong in their training for long races is in speed. They ignore the fact that they’ve already got much more of this than they’re ever likely to require for the purpose ; what they haven’t got is the ability to keep going for the length of time, and of course it’s that that wants developing. Did they but realise it they could afford to ignore speed and train solely for distance ; if they feel they must let out occasionally the last half-mile of the daily run is the time to do it.

Your system will get accustomed to almost anything if you practise often enough. There’s nothing fearsome about walking because you do some every day, perhaps several times a day. The same can be said in a way about marathon running if you follow similar methods, i.e. take a long run practically every day.

Fellows fail to make really good at it only because they fail altogether to fit in the necessary preparation. The prospect of fifteen miles a day for six days in the week would stagger most of the youngsters yet that is far from being too much. Twenty miles would be better. Certainly it can be done. Ballington, the South African, used to average a lot over a hundred miles a week—he was then in his early twenties—and there wasn’t a marathon man in England at the time (1936) who could be sure of beating him in spite of the fact that he did not specialise at the distance but merely took it on as a sideline. Ballington’s forte was fifty-milers.

So if you intend to make any sort of show at the marathon you’ve got to make up your mind right away that the first thing to do is to get busy with real work ; not too heavy to start with perhaps, but gradually increasing as you feel you can manage it until, after a lapse of about eighteen months, you are covering something in the region of a hundred miles per week or a bit more. If you need an incentive remember that there are certainly men who will extend their mileage to that figure and if you are determined to give them a good run you’ll have to knuckle down to it yourself.

CHAPTER XXIV

MARATHON  MERCHANTS

OF all our standard events probably the marathon is least under-stood. You can point to the reason without much difficulty ; its inclusion in modern sports came so much later than any other distances. As a matter of fact prior to the 1914-18 war twenty-six miles was actually considered suitable only for those who had been especially favoured by Nature with more than the usual toughness and stamina, a mistaken opinion due solely to lack of knowledge.

There’s another reason too, and an equally potent one, which will go far to explain our ignorance about it.     Have you ever realised that its technique has been taught and explained by men who never at any time contemplated running such a distance themselves ?    These are the only teachers we’ve had ;   men entirely without experience of the game beyond having seen others engaged in it.    Nearly every book on training that we’ve got today has been written by authors of this type.    Mind you, I’m not trying to belittle their work or to blame them ;   far from it.    They gave us the best they knew and that’s all anyone can do.    The only pity is that they weren’t in a position to know more.    It just shows how dreadfully behind-hand we are with this form of athletics. The only possible explanation is that this department of running has blossomed out so recently that in spite of its popularity it hasn’t had time to produce the number of technical exponents common to shorter distances.    In this respect, therefore, marathon men are at a disadvantage compared with all other runners.

Have you ever considered why distance running should have faded out so much more than sprinting ? There can be no doubt that a few thousand years ago all men, and to a slightly less degree all women too, were equally efficient at both, just as both sexes of the rest of the animal world still are. But as civilisation progressed and men harnessed animals, metals, and then science to aid them in their ever-widening activities, the need for personal exertion to cover long distances elapsed, and horses, trains or motors provided a quicker and more convenient method. Then, too, financial competition promoted a busier life, limiting yet further the time available for recreation.

In this way long-distance running as an everyday affair slowly but surely petered out, though sprinting was always kept going by its inclusion in various games. Yet when you come to think of it both forms of running are equally natural, and it’s only because we’ve allowed distance work to lapse that its technique is less understood.

There’s another point which will show how wide the gap has become between our knowledge of sprinting and that of marathon running. Among various records put up during the last fifty years Hutchins’ thirty seconds for 300 yards still stands, yet the

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Olympic marathon figures of 1908 and 1912 wouldn’t rank today as decent second-class performances. We couldn’t have made all that progress without having learnt a lot ; such a marked advance proves that marathon running is still in its infancy whereas sprinting, being nearer the ” adult ” stage in development, hasn’t scope for improvement on such a scale. I don’t for one moment intend to suggest that earlier Olympic marathoners were intrinsically inferior to their modern rivals ; they failed to put up better times only because they hadn’t learnt how to set about the business. Had they known as much as we do they would have gone in for far more training, possibly of a less strenuous kind in some respects and would have specialised at the one event.

No doubt methods have improved quite a lot, but marathon technique is still such unexplored territory that the times put up today, very much better as they are, will yet permit of further and considerable reduction. Only when the race is run in something like two hours twenty minutes shall we be able to say that it’s science on a par with that of the shorter distances up to the mile. Yes, they will reach the 140-minute mark or very close to it when we get men to train consistently in the most up-to-date manner.

For a start you’ve got to remember that there’s more lost ground to be made up in the marathon field than there is in any other event and this of course will need a corresponding extension in training. This point has never been mentioned in the text-books because the writers had not recognised how backward we really were. Consequently we have been spoon-fed with altogether inadequate work with regard to the necessary training ; and not only that, but much of what has been advised is futile. If there’s one thing that is absolutely definite it is that walking doesn’t teach you to run. Marathon men must learn to run long distances and walking, so far as their training for running goes, is only a waste of time and does nothing to help with the specialised event. Yet we are still taught by non-marathon runners, and of course by those who haven’t as yet spotted the weak point, that long walks, excellent in themselves apart from running, should form a definite part of the training schedule. They make a strong point of it too !

The actual training from the stage of novice to first-class ability is almost sure to take eighteen months, and you’d have to be drastically severe with exercise and relaxation to manage it in so short a time. Three years would be more reasonable. To drop training at any time during that period whether for a holiday or anything else is to throw overboard part of your hard-earned ability ; the longer the holiday the more serious your relapse. Hence you must make up your mind to get busy and stay busy for two or three years on end. There won’t be so much difficulty about it once the habit of regular exercise has been formed ; it’s the earlier stages that have always proved more troublesome.

Hurrying won’t help you and there are no short cuts—don’t kid yourself that you can fool Nature. Nothing but honest work and

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plenty of it will make you more thoroughly efficient at the game than your rivals. Ten or twelve miles twice a week, plus a somewhat longer jaunt on Saturdays, such as our books nowadays advise, is less than half the work you’ll have to get used to—less than half you CAN get quite used to. That may sound a tall order, but it’s quite time somebody put the facts down in black and white ; if they frighten you off, marathon honours are not for you. And that’s where the time factor comes in and explains why two or three years are necessary; you’ve much physical building to do and can’t afford to be slipshod about it.

You might think that if you indulged in twice as much exercise you’d go stale almost at once. So you would if you kept on with the usual speed-up taotics. But if you eliminated racing entirely for the time being you would discover that what you dropped in that sphere could be tacked on to distance, extending it to an almost unbelievable degree, and it’s distance you’re really training for, not speed. One hundred per cent, increase of exercise is no small item and you may be sure it’s going to make you tired. Even that needn’t worry you, for it’ll be little more than temporary discomfort ; a few months and you’ll have built up muscles and sinews to stand the racket without complaining, and the daily grind will have become mere normal routine.

The first thing to do, then, is to increase your outing gradually— and it should be at least five (better still, six) days a week—until you can average four hundred miles per month, by which time you will be able to realise that the few months’ training at present recommended is little more than a playful introduction to the real business.    You can look on four hundred miles as the low limit ; there are plenty of men who have done more than twice as much —I’ve run twelve hundred miles in a month myself—but most of them had more time at their disposal and were not primarily interested in the standard marathon.    I’m just telling you this to show you that there’s nothing in any way fearsome in such a figure once you’ve worked up to it, though it may sound formidable to a partly trained man.    When you’re well on the way to it,, and note the astonishing improvement gained, you will be forced to admit that a few months’ training on standard lines will never get you anywhere ;  all it can dc is to prepare you to battle your way towards much harder work.

The man who says he hasn’t time for such exercise is only telling you, though he might not admit it to himself, that he doesn’t intend to make time. Pat Dengis, the American champion, was averaging a higher monthly figure when he gathered in the All America title, yet he did not allow athletics to interfere with his daily work as a machine tool maker. Ballington, the South African, covered an even greater mileage because his methods and style were suited to distances of from fifty to one hundred miles : and he, also, trained out of business hours. It should be remembered that neither of these men were in any sense of the term ‘” born athletes ” as we understand it, and if they could manage

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four hundred miles a month or more without detriment to their work in factory or office, any other ordinary man can learn to do likewise. Anyway, if you want to do better than tho next man, you’ve got to work harder.

Here’s another point it will pay you to note. Train on the same lines as your rivals and you’ll make about the same headway ; to attain a different result—that, of outclassing them—your preparation must be different. So there’s no need to shy at the programme I’ve outlined even though it is a radical alteration from the normal course ; the mere fact that it IS so perchance provides for better results. You can learn like Pat Dengis did when he gave these new methods a thorough trial, or fail to learn through lack of initiative : the choice is always yours.

The first men to employ improved methods are the ones who usually make the greatest splash. In recent times Nurmi of Finland was perhaps the most notable example. Ballington was another—the -entire sub-continent of South Africa subscribed lavishly to send him over to England to prove his world superiority. Both worked on the lines I’ve been recommending. Had Nurmi been allowed to run at the Olympic Games at Los Angeles in 1932 he would certainly have shown an astounding improvement on the marathon record as it now stands. Ballington did as much in the hundred miles, reducing it far below what had previously been considered the possible limit—more than two and a half hours less than the track record. Then his time for forty miles on hilly roads, sur­rounded with traffic and in bad weather, was more than twenty minutes below the amateur track world record, which was equi­valent to beating that record holder by about three miles ; you can perhaps judge from that what his system was worth.

And Pat Dengis ? He was just beginning to get into his stride with exactly the same methods, having given them a trial—as he openly admitted—without having any real faith in them, but thinking they could at any rate do no harm. His first subsequent race was an outstanding success and a month or two later he had won the All America championship in better time than he had ever managed, beating the runner-up by half a mile. He then wrote to a friend saying he was convinced he was at last on the right track with training and that his former ideas were completely out-of-date. Unfortunately he lost his life shortly afterwards in an air crash.

Future marathon honours, then, are still waiting for men to give these methods an innings. After which of course the standard will be raised again, making it still more difficult to establish new records at the distance.

Let’s get now to some of the more intimate details of training ; perhaps if we tackle some of the major problems first the lesser ones won’t be so difficult. One thing you can bank on for a start is that until you’re really fit you’re not getting the pleasure and satisfaction from your training that you should ; you may be getting some of it, but most of us are greedy enough to want the lot.

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If benefit is to be had, as it most certainly is—and of course pleasure follows proportionately—discriminate with your methods and you’ll meet it halfway and keep company thereafter.

Reasonable exercise, allowing for astonishingly wide differences in stages of training, makes and keeps a man fit ; it is only when he goes to extremes in anything that there is the possibility of a relapse. I have travelled for months at a time with men who kept in super-condition when doing upwards of forty miles a day on their own feet. Needless to say a tremendous amount of training had to be undertaken before they reached that stage, the bulk of it in many cases being overcome by many during the first fifteen hundred miles of the event they were engaged in. At the other end you find fellows who keep in moderate trim with no more than an average of a daily mile or so of walking plus perhaps a game at the week-end. Not that these latter were ever as fit as the others, but they reckoned they hadn’t either the time or desire to reach such a high level of physical well-being.

Anything between these two limits which happens to suit you for the moment will do to start off with ; as you progress you can add to your work without perceptibly adding to the exertion required to perform it ; as you grow fitter and apply your extended experience ycu are able to spread the same amount of energy over a wider field by economising with trifles here and there. There’s much more in this than would appear at first sight as you will soon find out if you try the experiment.

As a man gets to feel he is really improving he naturally wants to measure himself against his rivals. This means a race every now and again and the results, or so he thinks, tell him where he stands. They would, if the races were only now and again. But if there’s one thing we have yet to learn almost from the very beginning—for even the bulk of our present experts and coaches haven’t yet recognised it—it is that races should NOT be undertaken one after the other as is the present practice ; we must know more about the science of athletics.

Now look at this picture and draw your own conclusions. Suppose you foresee an emergency ahead when you will need, say, £100. Straight away you start saving up and putting aside all you can till you have the required £100 in the bank. If you’re sensible you’ll make sure there’s something over to allow for possible unforeseen contingencies. While you were about this you would no doubt consult your bank book to see how you were getting along from time to time, but the last thing you would ever dream of would be to take out all your savings and spend the bulk of them merely to make sure that they were really available. So when the time arrived you would have your nest-egg ready, plus a trifle over, and wouldn’t need to worry over anything.

Now apply that to training for a definite race which you have set your heart on winning, or perhaps at the first try getting placed. You undertake certain work in order to build up your reserves of energy, reserves that you know will be essential if you are to meet

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your   commitments  at   that   particular  event.    As  you   progress your general sense of well-being tells you just what stage you have got to ;   you consult your training achievements just as you might your bank book in the other case.    So long as you go on building up you are sure of yourself and have nothing in particular to worry about ;   in fact so little that, should an unforeseen expenditure of a reasonable amount have to be met, as in the case of a race which you suddenly decided to contest, you know you can meet it without drawing too heavily on the balance in hand.    Commonsense tells you that you MUST not overdraw or you’ll have much of your work to do all over again.    All your interim races, therefore, must be in the nature of moderate trials, not excessive ones ;   all you need to know is that your general condition is steadily improving. That’s how it should be.    Yet what is the general practice ? Fellows enter for practically every single race they can manage to attend and, on many occasions, run themselves almost to a standstill every time they compete.    It’s nothing less than sheer thoughtlessness, and it’s high time we realised that there is far too much racing nowadays compared to the amount of preparation fellows have undergone.

By all means enter for a race every now and again, but beyond making a good shot at it leave time trials and everything of that sort very much alone ;  they will only disturb your present balance and, if frequently indulged in, will lead either to constant troubles or such a disgust of the whole business as to cause permanent retirement before you’ve ever had a decent shot at your objective. If animals  don’t  go in for any particular training,  yet  have greater speed and endurance, how do they achieve their result ? By doing a steady amount of more or less gentle work every day and only on comparatively rare occasions letting out for all they are worth.    I am convinced that any man who wants to become an  outstanding  champion  should  arrange his programme  along these lines ;   I have seen it applied with quite astonishing success by several champions in long-distance running during recent years. Will you wait till it becomes common knowledge or get going while the going is good ?    To my mind a marathon man should not race seriously over his distance more often than once in six weeks— once in two months is probably better.

But the amount of work to be done between races will have to be considerable because the mileage of the race itself is considerable. If you’re going to contest a 26-mile event you must at least be used to a hundred miles a week—be able in fact to carry on like this without discomfort for a dozen weeks on end ; only then will you be able to get through such a race without a suspicion of distress. This gives you an idea as to how much is required in the way of training before you can hope to become really first-class at the game ; it will need, as I said before, not only months but actually years before you can get so used to a fifteen or eighteen miles daily spin that you can look at it just as a routine outing. You can get to that stage if you want to ; many have already done it. 

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But 90 per cent, of your practice during those two or three years of preparation should be of the moderate type ; just saunter along serenely at somewhere about nine to ten miles per hour when doing a 10-miler or 8-9 miles per hour when out for fifteen or twenty. Carry on like this and you will build up a constitution that will stand almost anything in the way of reasonable racing you care to put across it.

Men no longer run subconsciously like animals ; they have been working their brains for too long to be able to adopt such instinctive action without, a lot of practice. But you can get to that stage for training purposes if you keep it up long enough, just as you have already attained it for walking ; you don’t as a rule consider the action while you are out for a walk, your mind being busy with everything else.

Rhythm in your stride means everything, but it’s got to be applied throughout and not only with regard to the timing and length of your step. Running along the level is one thing and going uphill another. When you start climbing a hill the first thing to make sure of is that your ” wind ” doesn’t suffer too greatly, for that would mean upsetting the rhythm inordinately in that department ; so you will have to adjust your action to meet the altered circumstances. Keep on moving with exactly the same number of strides to the minute as you employed on the level, but shorten them in accordance with the gradient ; if the hill is very steep the reduction will have to be considerable. Your wind will tell you precisely what length is best if you keep an eye on it ; never under any circumstances permit yourself to be absolutely blown by the climb ; cut down your stride to any extent to avoid this, for it means that your heart and circulation are having to work furiously overtime to meet the excess you are putting across them, and overtime of this sort is energy misspent. Only at the end of a race can you afford to take any chances in this way.

Do NOT purposely lean forward (as so many tell you to) when going uphill ; it would be interfering with your natural balance and therefore adding to your work. All you have to think about is that your body generally is as near rest and unconcern as you can make it, just as it was while you were trotting along on the level.

When it comes to a downhill stretch you have another set of problems to attend to. Your stride, if you don’t take any particular notice of it, will naturally lengthen a bit. This is exactly as it should be ; it is a mistake to butt in and definitely give an order to that effect. Keep going at the same number of paces to the minute as before—anything between 175-190 that you are used to—and if your wind has suffered more than you think was perhaps good for it, take things easy enough to make sure it recovers, after which you can again adjust the pace to conform with your breathing.

You can gather from this that it is quite a mistake to think you

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can make up time going down hill. As a matter of fact if you have carried on at your most suitable pace throughout you cannot make up time anywhere except perhaps at the very end. At that point it will depend entirely on what reserves you have built up ; if you are better off in this respect than others you can proceed to run ” all out ” for the last half-mile or so. But even then don’t lose your head ; you must still bear in mind that you can last longer with a comparatively short stride than with a long one, though you’ll have to quicken the tempo to add to the pace.

Keep your wits about you every time you decide to overtake another man. If he likes to waste his energy that’s his concern, not yours, and he only will have to pay for it. So if he hangs on to you or won’t let you pass, don’t immediately force the pace in an endeavour to gain the position ; just carry on at your customary speed plus perhaps the merest trifle of increase. If you’re the better-trained man the other fellow will be obliged to drop back before long and it’ll be the last you see of him. A sudden sprint to pass him is nothing less than chucking away a lot of useful energy—energy you may need very badly before you reach the tape. It MIGHT frighten the other into thinking you were altogether too good for him, but what’s the use of winning races by a trick of that sort ? It’s YOUR real condition you want ,to prove to yourself and to others, not that condition plus tricks.

As soon as you’ve got your ” second wind,” probably after the first mile or so, use it as your guide : nothing else will serve you as well. If you lose the race after having genuinely done your best it must be because the other man had put more time and attention into his preparation or that his methods were better ; carry on a stage further with your own and you will be able to reverse the position next time, for it is only a matter of sufficient work of the right sort.

Nothing but your wind can tell you whether your pace is correct for conditions at the time, for your breathing is entirely dependent on the amount of energy you are bringing into use. If the day is hot you will be obliged (subconsciously) to sidetrack a certain amount of energy to your refrigerating system; that is, you will perspire freely in order to adjust your temperature. If some of your energy is being diverted that way there will be less left for running, with the result that you will either have to go slower or peter out before the tape is reached. Most of us blame the weather when this sort of thing occurs, though we really ought to blame ourselves for not adjusting our output to suit prevailing conditions.

Heat in itself is no bar to distance running, though, as I have just shown, it certainly affects the pace. I have run with dozens of others through part of Death Valley in California, one of the world’s super-hot spots ; yet every fellow covered his forty odd miles without any particular trouble because the lesson had already been well rubbed in that they had to adapt speed to temporary conditions.

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Unusually cold weather also has an adverse effect, for it is apt to hamper circulation and stiffen joints and muscles. A little extra care at the start will soon cure this, though the wearing of even a trifle too much in the way of clothing may tend to restrict action. In any case, extremes in the way of weather are bound to make a noticeable difference, though, as it is the same for all, those who have formed the habit of adjusting their tactics to suit will always come off best.

Perhaps one of the chief points is to regulate your training so as to be sure of always being on the safe side ; the least trifle of overdose, if persisted in, will surely lead to trouble of one sort or another, and this will cause inconvenience as well as loss of time. The first necessity is to train as often as possible, six days out of seven if you can arrange for it. Having seen to that, the question of amount can be settled without much difficulty, and as you progress this can be gradually increased. You can judge the amount necessary by results : a slight thirst is nothing out of the way, but a really fearsome one, lasting for hours afterwards, is a definite sign that either the pace or the distance has been too much, and curiously enough it is almost always the pace that is to blame. An occasional symptom of this sort may not do any harm to speak of, but for all that it should be avoided as far as possible as it means that your resources are being exploited towards straining point. If ever you get beyond such a stage without apparently doing any actual damage you will note that, not only are you unbearably thirsty but your appetite has entirely disappeared even for many hours after the event. There’s no need to rub the lesson in ; if you are actually in first-class fettle it may be excusable to exert yourself to such an extent for a really important race, but unless you are in outstandingly good condition such an experience is apt to be distinctly dangerous. All of which emphasises that you wear a head for use.

As likely as not you will think that the work I’ve advised is not only much more than you have any intention of doing, but actually far more than is strictly necessary ; and you don’t see why you should be called upon to do an ounce more than you need. Run through it all again in your mind and you cannot but come to the conclusion that every bit of it IS required. The amount needn’t frighten you at all; if you really intend to become a champion, you’ll have to go through every bit of whether it scares you or not. But prolonged training makes all the difference in the world, and after a year or so at it you will be just as astonished at your ability to dispose of a dozen miles before breakfast every day (or in the evening if that is your training time) as everybody else is to hear about it ; it only seems wonderful because so few have tried. Other men have done as much and even a great deal more ; what they did you know very well you can also do if you’re allowed time to prepare.

Why should you carry on to such an extent as fifteen to eighteen miles a day ? Well, the longer distances, such as the marathon,

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have not been nearly so fiercely competed as the 440 yards or the mile, and consequently there is still a wide margin to be cut from the present record times. Even today many of these races are won in around 2h. 40m., though the man who can do no better than that can hardly be considered first-class.

If there is one thing all the way through that frightens practically every prospective marathon merchant it’s the distance. Very good; then commonsense would insist that distance must be practised to such an extent that a 26-miler no longer holds any terror. The thing is simple enough ; you will have to drop the bulk of your present recreations and spend the time thus gained at training ; anything from two to three hours a day will have to be set aside for the game six days out of seven, though of course an occasional day off won’t do any harm. Some fellows do all their training at night, others only in the early morning. Personally I prefer the morning because traffic at that time is much lighter, though of course the temperature in winter is apt to be more trying. But the time doesn’t really matter much; your only concern is to fit it in.

If you apply the programme I have suggested there can be no doubt about your ultimate success for it allows for all contingencies in weather or anything else. To be practically sure of making record time when expected is much more satisfying to the runner —even if it does take more preparation—than the present method which trains a man till he’s so fit that, if he happens to strike luck he will just manage it, but only then. Please yourself which you tackle ; if you want only the best you must be prepared to work for it—it’s there for the taking.